employee
Kutafin Moscow State Law Academy’s (associate professor)
employee from 01.01.2023 until now
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
UDC 340
Abstract:Introduction. The article defines the subject field, methodological approaches and methods of studying informal rules and practices typical for the sphere of regulation of state-religious relations in Russia (on the example of the Soviet period of national history). Modern studies of power regimes and models of legal regulation draw much attention to the issue, noting that informal rules and practices have a significant impact on formal norms, legal regulation and law enforcement practice. Methods. The authors describe the historiographical developments reflecting the national managerial model from the perspective of informality. The authors consider the possibility of using the methodological framework of Douglass North’s neo-institutional approach and Mary Douglas’s anthropological interpretation of institutional analysis in studying the sphere of religious institutions’ management. Thus, the authors propose an innovative interdisciplinary approach to the subject under consideration. Results. As a result, the authors’ vision of the subject, directions and methods of research in this area is proposed in consideration of the specifics of current historiography and available publications reflecting the peculiarities of Soviet informal practices of managing state-religious institutional interactions. The priority of verbal, personal orders and assignments over written instructions and directives is often considered to be one of the basic characteristics of the Soviet management model. In addition, the so-called “unwritten rules”, typical for the late Soviet model of legal regulation, are largely present in the modern situation of regulation of relations between the state and religious organisations. This proves the importance of studying the Soviet space of informal rules and practices in the religious sphere.
iinformal rules, mechanisms of nonlegal regulation, unwritten rules, informal institutions, state administration in the USSR, state-religious relations in the USSR
1. Helmke G., Levitsky S. Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda // Perspectives on Politics. 2004. Vol. 2, №. 4. P. 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592704040472
2. Ledeneva A. (ed.). The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality: Understanding Social and Cultural Complexity, Vol. 1. London : UCL Press, 2018. 434 p. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781911307907
3. Vitkovskaya T. B. Deputaty predstavitel'nyh organov mestnogo samoupravleniya v prostranstve neformal'nyh praktik // Vlast' i elity. 2023. T. 10, № 2. S. 102–120. https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2023.10.2.5
4. Kolesnik N. V. Praktiki vosproizvodstva rossiyskoy elity: neformal'nyy aspekt // Vlast' i elity. 2017. T. 4, № 4. S. 10–30. https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2017.4.1
5. Degtyarev A. A. O roli formal'nyh principov i neformal'nyh pravil v sovremennom GR-menedzhmente // Gosudarstvo, biznes, Obschestvo: sovremennye teorii i rossiyskie realii / pod red. L. E. Il'ichevoy. Moskva : Analitik, 2012. S. 63 78.
6. Levin S. N., Sablin K. S., Ruckiy V. N. Praktiki vzaimodeystviya predprinimateley s vlast'yu v regionah «resursnogo tipa» sovremennoy Rossii: «kartiny vlasti» i podhody k issledovaniyu // Mir Rossii. T. 27, № 3. S.6–27. https://doi.org/10.17323/1811- 038X-2018-27-3-6-27 12 Gosudarstvennyy arhiv Rossiyskoy Federacii. F. 6991. Zaklyuchenie Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia. 2025. № 3 (107) Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2025. № 3 (107). 27 ISSN 2949-1150 (online) 2071-8284 (print)
7. Ledeneva A., Granville S., Hanson P. Sistema – Russia‘s Informal System of Power // Barisch K. (ed.). Three views on modernization and the rule of law in Russia. London : Center for European Reform, 2012. P. 17–23.
8. Solomon P. H. Law in Public Administration: How Russia Differs // The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 2008. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270701840498
9. Hendley K. Are Russian Judges Still Soviet? // Post Soviet Affairs. 2007. Vol. 23. № 3. P. 240–274. http://doi.org/10.2747/1060- 586X.23.3.240
10. Heinzen J. The Art of the Bribe: Corruption and Everyday Practice in the Late Stalinist USSR // Slavic Review. 2007. Vol. 66. № 38. P. 389–412. http://doi.org/10.2307/20060294
11. Hlevnyuk O. V. Korporaciya samozvancev. Tenevaya ekonomika i korrupciya v stalinskom SSSR. Moskva : Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2023. 320 s.
12. Mitrohin N. A.Ocherki sovetskoy ekonomicheskoy politiki v 1965–1989 godah : v 2 t. Moskva : Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2023.
13. Ledeneva A. et al. (ed.). The Global Encyclopedia of Informality, Vol. 2. London : UCL Press, 2018. 538 p. https://doi. org/10.14324/111.9781787351899
14. Mitrohin N. A.* Bolezn' pod nazvaniem «fond upolnomochennogo» ili neskol'ko stranic ob aktual'nyh problemah izucheniya religioznosti v SSSR // Gosudarstvo, religiya i cerkov' v Rossii i za rubezhom. 2012. № 3-4 (30). S. 505–511.
15. Mitrohin N. A.* Sovetskaya vlast', cerkov' i veruyuschie v poslevoennyy period // Neprikosnovennyy zapas. Debaty o politike i kul'ture. 2008. № 3 (59). S. 89–93.
16. Bekkin R. I. «Lyudi v vernosti nadezhnye…»: Tatarskie muftiyaty i gosudarstvo v Rossii (XVIII–XXI veka). Moskva : Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2022. 552 s.
17. Nort D. Instituty, institucional'nye izmeneniya i funkcionirovanie ekonomiki / per. s angl. A. N. Nesterenko ; predisl. i nauch. red. B. Z. Mil'nera. Moskva : Fond ekonomicheskoy knigi «NAChALA», 1997. 190 s.
18. Sarigil Z. How Informal Institutions Matter : Evidence from Turkish Social and Political Spheres. United States of America : University of Michigan Press, 2023. 216 p. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12334157
19. Paneyah E. L. Neformal'nye instituty i formal'nye pravila: zakon deystvuyuschiy VS. Zakon primenyaemyy // Politicheskaya nauka. 2003. № 1. S. 33–52.
20. Ledeneva A. V. How Russia Really Works : The Informal Practices that Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business. Ithaca, University Press, 2006. 288 p. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801461682-004
21. Matveev A. A. Sootnoshenie neformal'nyh institutov i praktik // Vlast'. 2011. № 8. S. 18–21.
22. Nort D., Uollis D., Vayngast B. Nasilie i social'nye poryadki. Konceptual'nye ramki dlya interpretacii pis'mennoy istorii chelovechestva / per. s angl. D. Uzlanera, M. Markova, D. Raskova, A. Raskovoy. Moskva : Izdatel'stvo Gaydara, 2011. 480 s.
23. Duglas M. Kak myslyat instituty / per. s angl. A. M. Korbuta. Moskva : Elementarnye formy, 2020. 250 s.
24. Davydov I. P., Fadeev I. A. Kak myslyat cerkovnye instituty: mehanizmy formirovaniya etnokonfessional'noy identichnosti // Dialog so vremenem. 2024. Vyp. 89. C. 220–231. https://doi.org/10.21267/AQUILO.2024.89.89.015
25. Makarin A. V., Budko D. A. K voprosu o klassifikacii neformal'nyh politicheskih praktik // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriya: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2013. Vyp. 4. S. 103–109.
26. Lapickiy K. V. Harakteristika form vzaimodeystviya Russkoy pravoslavnoy cerkvi i rossiyskogo gosudarstva: institucional'nyy analiz // Obschestvo: politika, ekonomika, pravo. 2017. Vyp. 11. S. 24–27. https://doi.org/10.24158/pep.2017.11.5
27. Beglov A., Belyakova N. «Pishite hot' Pape Rimskomu». Pis'ma veruyuschih iz SSSR rimskomu pontifiku: formirovanie i bytovanie tradicii // Gosudarstvo, religiya, cerkov' v Rossii i za rubezhom. 2021. № 4 (39). S. 169–199. https://doi.org/10.22394/2073-7203-2021-39-4-169-199
28. Belyakova N. A. Sovetskie po stilyu, religioznye po soderzhaniyu. Pis'ma veruyuschih vo vlast' v period pozdnego socializma// Rossiyskaya istoriya. 2019. № 1. S. 207–214; https://doi.org/10.31857/S086956870004236-0
29. Savin A. I., Denninghaus V. A. «Pis'ma vo vlast'» kak modus religioznogo dissidentstva v brezhnevskuyu epohu // Rossiya XXI. 2017. № 6 (noyabr'-dekabr'). S. 118–141.
30. Beglov A. L. V poiskah «bezgreshnyh katakomb» : cerkovnoe podpol'e v SSSR. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. Moskva : ROSSPEN, 2018. 350 s.
31. Savin A. I. Religioznye organizacii v SSSR glazami 5-go Upravleniya Komiteta gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (1971 god)// Istoricheskiy kur'er. 2022. № 2 (22). S. 188–205. doihttps://doi.org/10.31518/2618-9100-2022-2-12
32. Avgustin (Nikitin Dmitriy Evgen'evich; arhimandrit). Cerkov' plenennaya: mitropolit Nikodim (1929–1978) i ego epoha (v vospominaniyah sovremennikov). Sankt-Peterburg : Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 2008. 674 s.
33. Gusakova O. Hraniteli very. O zhizni Cerkvi v sovetskoe vremya: avtobiograficheskie istorii : [protoierey Valerian Krechetov, protoierey Sergiy Pravdolyubov, protoierey Georgiy Breev, protoierey Vladimir Timakov, Feodora Nikitichna Kuzovkovai dr.]. 2-e izd. Moskva : Nikeya, 2018. 416 s.
34. Yuvenaliy (Poyarkov Vladimir Kirillovich; mitropolit). Chelovek Cerkvi : K 20-letiyu so dnya konchiny i 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya mitropolita Leningradskogo i Novgorodskogo Nikodima, patriarshego ekzarha Zapadnoy Evropy (1929–1978). 2-e izd. Moskva : Moskovskaya patriarhiya RPC, 1998. 407 s.
35. Svecha Bogu : Moskovskiy starec – protoierey Vasiliy Serebrennikov (1907–1996) : sbornik. Moskva : Zhurnal «Moskva», 1999. 240 s.
36. Soskovec L. I. Sovetskie veruyuschie: obschie sociodemograficheskie i kul'turnye harakteristiki // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2004. № 281. S. 62–65.
37. Geras'kin Yu. V. Podacha hodataystv ob otkrytii hramov v 1940-1950-e gody kak sposob otstaivaniya konstitucionnogo prava na svobodu veroispovedaniya // Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. 2008. № 15. S. 132–138.
38. Leont'eva T. G. Cerkovnaya povsednevnost' epohi pozdnego stalinizma v provincial'nom izmerenii // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i obschestvo v period pozdnego stalinizma, 1943–1953 gg. : materialy VII Mezhvuzovskoy nauchnoy konferencii, g. Tver', 4–6 dekabrya 2014 g. Moskva : ROSSPEN, 2015. S. 8–16.