St Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Stavropol, Stavropol, Russian Federation
UDC 338.1
Introduction. Economic sanctions significantly transform the economic environment by affecting investment decisions, technological processes, foreign trade patterns, and payment infrastructure. Restrictions on dual-use goods are particularly important, as they create additional challenges for high-tech industries. These challenges are associated not only with shortages of equipment and components but also with hidden costs. In the Russian economy, the initial response to sanctions was largely adaptive and focused on foreign trade reorientation, the development of parallel imports, and government support for strategically important enterprises. At present, it has become evident that short-term adaptation measures are insufficient to ensure the sustainable development of high-tech sectors. In these industries, import substitution cannot be reduced to the simple replacement of foreign products with domestic alternatives, as technological capabilities depend on complex production ecosystems, knowledge networks, and long-term innovation processes. Purpose. The study aims to identify the main challenges to ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation under sanctions pressure and to substantiate key directions for the development of import-substituting production in high-tech sectors of the economy. Methods. The research employs an interdisciplinary methodological framework that combines the analytical tools of economic security studies, institutional economics, industrial policy theory, and global value chain analysis. Results. The findings indicate that an effective response to sanctions requires a balanced combination of protective and developmental policy measures. Protective measures are essential for preventing critical disruptions and preserving industrial capacities, whereas developmental measures should facilitate technological upgrading, productivity growth, innovation, and the expansion of domestic firms into international markets. The study substantiates the need for a comprehensive sanctions-related technological risk management system that includes sector-specific maps of critical dependencies, regular supply chain stress testing, project- and platform-based import substitution programs, long-term financing mechanisms, workforce development initiatives, independent quality assessment procedures, and monitoring of technological outcomes.
economic security, sanctions, import substitution, technological sovereignty, high-tech industries, industrial policy
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