Introduction. In adolescence, the ability to cope with social and psychological challenges becomes especially important, which actualises the request to study the adaptation potential of adolescents. The study of semantic self-regulation as a resource of psychological adaptability of adolescents, taking into account their childhood experience and age-related neoplasms, makes it possible to predict and prevent manifestations of maladaptation and becomes the basis for the development of proactive coping strategies that determine the resilience of adolescents during adulthood. Research methods. The authors used a structured interview, social and psychological adaptation test (K. Rogers, R. Diamond, adapted by A. Prikhozhan), clinical questionnaire for detection and assessment of neurotic states (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich), “Ways of coping behavior (WCQ)” technique (R. Lazarus, S. Folkman, adapted by Bekhterev Scientific Research Institute), life-meaning orientation test (J. Crambaugh and L. Makholika, adapted by D.A. Leontiev), hardiness test (S. Maddy, adapted by D.A. Leontiev, E.I. Rasskazova). Methods of mathematical and statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, Mann-Whitney U-criterion were used. Research results. It was found that 75% of respondents had at least one type of unfavourable childhood experience. Adolescents with unfavourable childhood experiences had significantly lower levels of adaptability and life meaningfulness, but higher levels of neurotic symptoms (asthenia, vegetative disorders, neurotic anxiety and depression) and maladaptive coping strategies (distancing, confrontation, escape-avoidance) compared to normative values and similar indicators in the comparison group. Adolescents with unfavourable childhood experience in anamnesis and having a high level of life meaningfulness have a higher degree of psychological adaptability and less pronounced indicators of maladaptation in comparison with adolescents with similar experience and a low level of life meaningfulness.