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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета МВД России</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2071-8284</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2949-1150</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">98652</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35750/2071-8284-2025-2-99-109</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ПУБЛИЧНО-ПРАВОВЫЕ (ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ПРАВОВЫЕ) НАУКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ПУБЛИЧНО-ПРАВОВЫЕ (ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ПРАВОВЫЕ) НАУКИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Limitations on the Right to Peaceful Assembly Within the Human Rights Framework</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Вопросы ограничений мирных собраний в контексте прав человека</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2660-3289</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Хишигбайгаль</surname>
       <given-names>Эрдэнэбат </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Hishigbaygal'</surname>
       <given-names>Erdenebat </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>khishigbaigal138@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5478-8517</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Амарсанаа</surname>
       <given-names>Вандан-Иш </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Amarsanaa</surname>
       <given-names>Vandan-Ish </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>amurskiitigr23@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат юридических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of jurisprudence sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Университет внутренних дел Монголии</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">University of Internal Affairs of Mongolia</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Университет внутренних дел Монголии</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">University of Internal Affairs of Mongolia</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26T10:08:27+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26T10:08:27+03:00">
    <day>26</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2025</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>99</fpage>
   <lpage>109</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-02T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>02</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-20T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>20</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikspbmvd.ru/en/nauka/article/98652/view">https://vestnikspbmvd.ru/en/nauka/article/98652/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Введение. Основная цель исследования – всесторонне изучить правовую базу, регулирующую право на мирные собрания в Монголии, с особым акцентом на основные принципы, закрепленные в международном праве в области прав человека, Конституции Монголии, и на практических аспектах ограничения этого права. Монголия является участником Международного пакта о гражданских и политических правах, ст. 21 которого признает право на мирные собрания и устанавливает, что любые ограничения должны быть законными, необходимыми в демократическом обществе и преследовать легитимные цели, такие как национальная безопасность, общественная безопасность или защита прав других лиц. В Конституции Монголии, в частности, ст. 16 также гарантирует это право. Однако процедуры и ограничения определяются национальным законодательством. Несмотря на эти юридические гарантии, последние законодательные проекты и судебные дела выявили сохраняющиеся опасения по поводу соразмерности и справедливости ограничений, особенно в периоды кризиса (например, пандемия COVID-19).&#13;
Методы. Исследование было проведено посредством онлайн-опроса 110 респондентов, являющихся профессиональными юристами или адвокатами с опытом практической работы. Использованы современные инструменты анализа данных, включая SMART PLS-3.0 для структурного моделирования и SPSS-25.0 для статистического анализа, обеспечена надежность анкеты с помощью индекса альфа Кронбаха. Методология исследования включала метрологический, корреляционный, мультифакторный и путевой анализы для сопоставления полученных результатов с работами других ученых и тщательной оценки влияния различных факторов на ограничения права на мирные собрания и их более широкие последствия для прав человека.&#13;
Результаты. Две независимых переменных – ограничения в соответствии с международными стандартами и конституционным правом – измерялись с помощью пятибалльной шкалы Лайкерта для оценки их воздействия на одну зависимую переменную – ограничение свободы мирных собраний. Результаты исследования показали, что ни ограничения, основанные на международных стандартах, ни ограничения, предусмотренные конституционным правом, не оказывают положительного влияния на сокращение ограничений права на мирные собрания в Монголии. Это свидетельствует о разрыве между правовой базой и реальной практикой, подчеркивая необходимость дальнейших реформ для полного выполнения Монголией своих международных обязательств и эффективной реализации конституционных гарантий в повседневной жизни.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Introduction. The The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the legal framework governing the right to peaceful assembly in Mongolia, with particular emphasis on fundamental principles enshrined in international human rights law, the Mongolian Constitution, and practical aspects of limiting this right. Mongolia is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 21 of which recognises the right to peaceful assembly and stipulates that any limitation must be lawful, necessary in a democratic society, and pursue legitimate aims such as national security, public safety, or protection of other persons’ rights. Article 16 of the Mongolian Constitution similarly guarantees this right. However, specific procedures and limitations are determined by national legislation. Despite these legal safeguards, recent legislative initiatives and court cases have revealed persistent concerns regarding the proportionality and fairness of restrictions, particularly during crises (e.g., COVID-19).&#13;
Methods. The study was conducted through an online survey of 110 respondents, all of whom were professional lawyers or practising barristers/solicitors with field experience. Modern data analysis tools were employed, including SMART PLS-3.0 for structural equation modeling and SPSS-25.0 for statistical analysis, with questionnaire reliability ensured via Cronbach’s alpha. The methodology incorporated metrological, correlational, multifactorial, and path analyses to compare findings with existing scholarly work and rigorously assess the impact of various factors on restrictions to the right of peaceful assembly, as well as their broader implications for human rights. Results. Two independent variables – limitations under international standards and constitutional law – were measured using a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate their effect on the dependent variable: limitations on freedom of peaceful assembly. The results revealed that neither internationally grounded limitations nor constitutional limitations positively influenced the reduction of limitations on this right in Mongolia. This highlights dichotomy between legal norms and practical application, underlining the need for further reforms to ensure Mongolia’s full compliance with its international obligations and the effective enforcement of constitutional guarantees in practice.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>права человека</kwd>
    <kwd>свобода</kwd>
    <kwd>конституционное право</kwd>
    <kwd>ограничение</kwd>
    <kwd>мирные собрания</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>human rights</kwd>
    <kwd>freedom</kwd>
    <kwd>constitutional law</kwd>
    <kwd>limitations</kwd>
    <kwd>peaceful assembl</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
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